The contraction of tissue wounds is regarded as a life-saving mechanism and an essential process during tissue healing, e.g., in skin and many other tissues. As the re-establishment of tissue tension is key to successful wound healing, the findings are expected to advance the understanding of tissue healing but also underlying principles of misregulation and impaired functionality in scars and tissue contractures. In situ monitoring of tissue forces together with second harmonic imaging reveal that the appearance of collagen fibrils correlates with tissue contraction, indicating a mechanical contribution of tensioned collagen fibrils in the contraction process. Here, it is shown in a biomaterial-based in vitro wound healing model that the storage of tensile forces in the extracellular matrix has a significant, so-far neglected contribution to macroscopic tissue tension. However, difficulties in explaining pathological deviations from a successful healing path motivate the exploration of additional modulatory factors. So far, tissue tension was attributed to cellular forces produced by tissue-resident (myo-)fibroblasts alone. Wound contraction is an ancient survival mechanism of vertebrates that results from tensile forces supporting wound closure.
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